Luke 16:1-13

This might be the most difficult parable of Jesus to interpret. It is just not that clear what we should make of it. 

• Most people object to the dishonesty of the manager. And yet he is praised by his Lord! 

• And is God a character in the parable? Most probably see the rich man as God, so is Jesus the (dishonest) manager? 

• Or perhaps we should go with the interpretation in 16:8-9 and see ourselves as the manager. “I tell you, make friends for yourselves by means of the mammon of unrighteousness, so that when it is gone, they may welcome you into the eternal homes.” This does at first glance solve some of the problems. Except the parable encourages to use other people’s mammon! What about our own mammon of unrighteousness? If that were the point – to use our own mammon of unrighteousness – the parable doesn’t say it. We have to make (a not unreasonable) jump. The point is that perhaps the parable was originally about something else than our use of mammon. 

• And the first moral drawn by Jesus from the parable (16:8b) isn’t the moral drawn in 16:9. It is almost like the parable had a life before 16:9 was added. 

• And what is being praised by the master? The manager’s shrewdness, and specifically his shrewdness in using what belongs to the Lord (that is, the debts owed). Might the parable originally have been about forgiveness? We could say that Jesus is praising the way people use mammon for their own benefit. Disciples should do likewise, but the benefit is to enter the kingdom. This teaching to use wealth to secure an eternal home is similar to the teaching of Jesus at Lk 12:33-34. He says we should make purses for ourselves in heaven by giving alms. 

• The manager responds to the crisis with ingenuity in the hope that he will be remembered favourably by those he is helping. And surprisingly, he is praised by his Lord, even though he continued to misuse his Lord’s wealth! (Most listeners when Jesus first spoke this parable wouldn’t have seen that coming.) So, what conclusion might we draw? 

First, Luke has this parable and its interpretation in 16:9 continue his teaching on the danger of a divided heart. Recognising the tendency of the human heart to make wealth into mammon, Jesus teaches us to use our wealth in such a way that we do not divide our hearts and wealth cannot become mammon and an impediment in our love of God. 

Another, second, conclusion might also be possible. If the parable did circulate not as a parable about mammon and its use, what might it have been about originally? Acting shrewdly with our own generation? (Lk 16:8b) But we don’t get anything more to add to this. Perhaps the parable might have been about forgiveness. (The parable immediately before is the Prodigal Son). The surprising element of the parable is that the Lord praises the ingenuity of the manager in forgiving debts when propriety dictates opprobrium. That sounds like Jesus and the Law: according to his opponents Jesus misused God’s Law. He forgave what only God could forgive, and perhaps he did so too easily. 

The parables of Jesus can be a little too commonplace for those who have digested them over time. His parables still remain a challenge, even if some of  the shock has been lost. But not with this parable of the Unjust Manager. We are still a little shocked - perhaps shown in our confusion - that the Master praises dishonesty, even if the guy is shrewd. All the parables can still be like this for us. We just need to hear them afresh, occasionally. And let the shock jolt us into a new perspective. Even if only a bit. 

The Found Parables – Sheep and Coins (Luke 15:1-10)

God desires all people to be saved. (1Timothy 2:4; 2Peter 3:9) No favourites. But how does that work with Israel as the Chosen People? Whatever it might mean, it doesn’t mean that Israel is chosen to the exclusion of everyone else. It might mean that all those who are saved will be included into Israel, but that is a different thing to saying that that the Chosen People are a small elite of the saved. The purpose of God choosing the people of Israel was not to specify a small band of people for salvation to the exclusion of all the other nations of the earth. The Chosen People were chosen to bring a blessing to all the families of the world (Genesis 12:1-3) And this universal love culminates in Jesus. Jesus is not a change in course; he is the completion of that original choosing narrated in Genesis 12. And in his life, death and resurrection he becomes the invitation to all people.

The invitation that delivered went out to all those who had ears to listen. Many rejected the call, and often these people were those who thought they were already included in the Chosen People. (Think of the opposition to Jesus displayed by the Pharisees and others in the Gospels.) But many did not reject Jesus. And, often, these were those least expected to be invited or accept the invitation. (The poor, the lame, the blind, see Luke 7:22; 14:21) And still there was room in the banquet! (To steal from a parable from Jesus about this very point. See Luke 14:15-24) So, those who, the Chosen People agreed, could never be invited, gained a guernsey to the banquet. (To borrow from Australian slang.)

This universalism continued in the church. Baptism was offered to all people, not an elite. There were no preferred candidates: all were sought out, to the very ends of the earth. (See especially Matthew 28:19; Galatians 3:28; Colossians 3:11) But there were other religious views that infected the church and attempted to subvert the universal call to salvation. Their agenda was elitist, and restricted the fullness of God’s love to a select few. Here is the parable of the Lost Sheep from the Gospel of Thomas. (A second century Gnostic Gospel.)

Gospel of Thomas, Saying 107. 

 Jesus said: The kingdom is like a shepherd who had a hundred sheep; one of them, the biggest, went astray; he left (the) ninety-nine (and) sought after the one until he found it. After he had laboured, he said to the sheep: I love you more than the ninety-nine.

That’s not the good news of Jesus. The religious impulse behind this distortion was successfully opposed in the second century A.D. But it is a useful contrast between an elitism that distorts the gospel and the universal call to salvation that is embedded in the whole Jesus event.

And just to show how far that distortion is from the good news, the trajectory of scripture and the tradition that follows it is to say that we are all lost! Not just the preferred sheep, but all of us. And all of us are being searched out by Jesus. (There aren’t any 99 righteous left behind!) But even then, the Gospel is sure that God doesn’t love the lost more than any who might still consider themselves in no need of repentance).

At the end of each of the parables in Luke 15:1-10, it is repeated that there is more joy in heaven over one repentant sinner than over ninety-nine righteous people who need no repentance. (Luke 15:7, 10) That doesn’t mean God loves the repentant sinner more. The repentant sinner might love God more than the unrepentant righteous person, but that is a different matter. (See Luke 7:47-48)

There are no favourites. God wants all to be saved. But equally, there are none who are beyond salvation. God’s desire is not easily thwarted. That’s why we have Jesus, crucified and risen.

Faith is a Gift

Faith is a subtle human phenomenon. Sometimes I call it a practice to break the usual reflex to reduce faith down to the intellectual assent to certain propositions. Faith is a way of approaching life, a way of thinking, a way of acting, feeling, and a way of being. It does have intellectual content but is more than any of what I have just mentioned. And I call it a practice to make it more difficult to take possession of faith, as though it can be one more commodity to own.

Faith is not a possession because, for instance, before it is mine, faith is the faith of the church. (The whole body of Christ, living and departed.) Whatever content ‘faith’ contains, without people teaching it to us, modelling it for us, and showing us how to live ‘the faith’, we would not have a faith to talk about. We might still read the Bible, but without teaching from those who also have learned the faith from someone else, we would not end up with Christian faith. before our faith is our faith, it was someone else's faith before us! So it isn't really mine in the usual sense. And without the Holy Spirit active within us, giving us the capacity to have a faith, the spiritual energy to grasp and learn the faith, and the perseverance to keep hold of faith, we would have no faith, or if we did it would soon expire. It is no exaggeration to say that before the faith is within our grasp, it is the church’s faith, and without the Holy Spirit there is no faith at all, including the faith of the church.

But we can and do talk of ‘my faith’. But it is more like a gift that I am holding rather than a possession. If I were trying to find an analogy it might be something akin to life itself. My life is my life and your life is your life not mine, but my life is never really mine in the sense we use of a possession. I might enjoy life and live it, but I had no say in ‘purchasing’ it and it will be taken from me at some point whether I like it or not. Faith is a bit like that. A generous gift, to be held gently, nurtured, lived, shared, hung onto at times, and celebrated at other times.

Why is this important?

First, it encourages humility as people of faith. In humble gratitude we nurture the gift within us.

Second, because faith in Jesus is a gift from God, faith is the means for us to grow into who we are meant to be by focusing our attention on God. My faith is not about me. It is about God. And in that focus outward to God I will become truly myself.

Third, it gives us a clue of what to do if our faith is weakening. Focus on God. Trust the promises of God. We do that and our faith will rebuild.

Fourth, when we feel things are going badly in our life faith will help us through those difficult times. The gift of faith in Christ grows us in maturity as human beings (it doesn’t shield us from life) to better cope with difficulties, tragedy, and loss and faith will be instrumental in our renewal.

This is part of the message of the Book of Hebrews. The faith of the readers was wavering. So, the writer gives encouragement to them by listing the great figures of faith who have gone before them, and most especially, Jesus, who endured the shame of the cross because of the joy set before him. He trusted in God. We can too. God is reliable, from age to age. And Jesus is too. What we see in Jesus on the cross is not an arbitrary mood change on the part of God. Jesus is God. God is Christlike and there is no unChristlikeness in Jesus. The love of the cross is not changeable. (Christ is the same yesterday, today, and tomorrow.) The love of Jesus and the Father defeats even death itself. Believe it.

Luke 14:25-35

 

The saying of Jesus to hate is harsh. But in the time of Jesus it didn’t carry the meaning we attach to it. It is more about attitude and action than emotion. It’s akin to choosing one over the other. But it is more than this, for the hyperbole points to the way in which the good in our lives so easily usurps the place of God in our hearts. (See Luke 16:13) Noting that ‘hate’ in this passage doesn’t mean exactly what we mean by it does reduce the shock somewhat. But there is still no escaping Jesus’ radical call to discipleship. His call remains urgent and uncompromising. And that’s classic Jesus. 

Situating this passage in the broader context of Luke 14 (and beyond) will help us understand it a little better. In Luke 9:51 Jesus sets his face to Jerusalem. He has predicted his death in Jerusalem, and he will do so again along the way. He will enter Jerusalem in Luke 19, and on this journey to his death and resurrection, Jesus will teach about discipleship, call people to follow him as disciples, and have this call rejected. This is important. The radical call matches his own self-sacrifice on the approaching cross. This call is so important that it even takes precedence over the (potentially) best parts of our lives. And subordinates to it even those duties that are rightly required of us. (See Lk 9:57-62.) 

So that is point one today: The urgent and resolute call to discipleship matches Jesus’ own determined movement to Jerusalem. He is not asking us to do what he has not himself done. He is the pioneer and perfector of our faith. (Hebrews 12:2) Most of Luke 14 occurs at a dinner party held by a leader of the Pharisees. (14:1) And Jesus teaches those present about the kingdom, humility, disgrace, and cost of discipleship and the cost of rejecting his call to discipleship. One of the parables he tells, and it occurs immediately before our current passage, is the parable of the invitation to a great dinner, and all the invitees decline. They decline because of important things like family and possessions. So, the slave is sent to gather in the poor, crippled, the blind, and lame. But there is still room! So anyone and everyone is then brought into the banquet. And those who rejected the invitation, we are told, will not taste the dinner. (Lk 14:16-24) 

(And as an aside, this three-fold structure of invitee – those who reject the invite, the poor etc, and anyone passing by – matches the flow of the gospel’s movement in Luke/Acts. The invitation that is Jesus is given to some who reject it, then it goes out to the poor, lame, etc, and finally (in Acts) whoever is passing by, including the Gentiles.) 

And now notice what Jesus says in today’s passage we must renounce if we wish to be his disciples. Family and possessions (Lk 14:26, 33), exactly what prevents the original invitees of the parable from accepting the invitation to the banquet. (Lk 14:18-20) So, today’s passage doesn’t come out of the blue. It follows directly the parable before it. This is part of the explanation of why the language in today’s reading appears so harsh. The other part of the reason why Jesus is so harsh today is because he knows the propensity of the human heart to let that which is good in our lives usurp the place of God. This is point two today: If we find Jesus’ resolute, radical call to discipleship and the accompanying admonition to ‘hate’ disturbing or offensive we are living in a bubble. The human heart is made for God but the universal tendency is for us to fill our hearts with that which cannot satisfy us. And we do this at the expense of God and our own good. 

People often say to me that they haven’t fallen into this trap. But if Jesus had made the characters in the parable of the invitees who decline the invitation speak, they would say the same thing! And sometimes people say to me it is a matter of balance. I like that, the problem is that I can’t find in scripture where Jesus says it. And – you’ve heard me say this before – the path for most people is not to give up everything to the point of destitution. 

For most people it is a matter of living in a world of responsibilities that include the use of wealth and family, both of which in scripture are blessings from God. And yet, all is to brought under the rule of the crucified-risen Christ in the lives of people like me whose heart is too easily swayed. Where to from here? (And what I am about to say applies to any of the hard sayings of Jesus and just as equally to any sin that weighs us down.) 

Point three today: let us follow Jesus. Let us learn to love him. Let us learn through Jesus to love God and each other, and our neighbours as ourselves. At this point you and I can be terrible disciples. Nevertheless, accept the call afresh and regularly. In prayer, in repentance, in life choices, through renewal that is often accompanied with a sense of failure. Notice that Jesus, when he calls disciples, never tries to discover if the new disciple is worthy. It is Jesus who makes us worthy while pilgrimaging with him on the way of the cross to the heavenly Jerusalem. We aren't worthy to be disciples because we are already perfect. We are made perfect through following Jesus.

Hebrews 11:29-12:4

The Book of Hebrews was written for a community of faith that was clinging to faith in Jesus, but only just. They were being persecuted by the world around them. That is always hard, but there is also always the discipline of being a Christian. Following the humble road of Jesus, and giving up life options because it is contrary to Jesus are part of the cross we carry like Jesus to share in his resurrection. Not to mention the hard work of forgiving those we don’t really want to forgive. Loving our enemies, maintaining the bonds of mutual affection with those who think in polar opposite ways to us. And this community was losing its faith. The joy set before them was waning.

 

An alternative was to look to angels for transcendent help. (See Hebrews 1 which is all about the superiority of Jesus over angels.) They could see Jesus. He was like them. And he endured the cross, as were they. But their faith that he would lead them to heaven was waning. (Looking for transcendence is not unusual; think of the popularity of western intellectual buddhism or the irrationality of crystals.)

 

The author reminds them that in Jesus they have the promise of God’s rest. God has declared this, they have ‘heard it’, and this voice should lift their eyes in faith to heaven. They aren’t being asked to ignore their suffering, but to look to Jesus who suffered the agony and shame of the cross, and he gives us a better hope than anything else people are tempted to follow or believe in. (Jesus is a better hope, provides a better covenant, is better than angels, provides a better sacrifice, and in him we can hope for a better resurrection, because he is the better high priest, the Son made perfect forever.)

 

In Hebrews 11 we are told of the great figures of faith of the past like Abel, Noah, Abraham and Sarah. They endured. They won the race. We could switch metaphors and think of them as a great rope of faith. All these figures are holding the rope, and Christ – the pioneer and perfector of our faith - has anchored this rope in God’s final rest, the heavenly Jerusalem. We don’t need to get out the proverbial machete and cut our way through the wilderness to the promised land. Jesus, the pioneer, has done that for us. We follow him.

 

So, let’s stay connected to the rope for the sake of the joy set before us. Despite all that has happened, and all that will happen, nurture the hope that is to come.  Christ is a greater hope than anything we can hope for in this life that is bound to this life only. 

 

But then comes the really audacious part. All these great figures of faith who have gone before us, who won the race, for our sake have not received what was promised. Their perfection awaits our arrival, so that we will all be made perfect together in Christ. The whole Body (of Christ), together. That’s audacious. We all understand that we might need the witnesses who have gone before us to encourage us in our faith. And we all need Jesus. But they need us to receive their final reward? What, generation after generation, waiting … for us? Yes, for all the people of God.

 

Salvation isn’t only about us, those we know or know of, those we love, or those we remember. Salvation is for all the people of God, and our perfection is found in Christ as one, his Body, together. This is why Jesus, the true Son, was sent: to bring home the full number of the children of God. So, keep hold of the rope. Help others whose faith is wavering. When your faith wavers, there is no shame in this. Everyone grasping the rope of faith has moments. But when our faith wavers, let’s seek out help so we can help each other nurture faith wherever it is that we gather together. And let’s gather in those called to join us in grasping the rope of faith.