John 9: Arguing Yourself Into (a Deeper) Faith

Strangely, Jesus is mostly absent from today’s story. Jesus speaks in verses 1-7 and 35-41. He is present in the remaining verses that constitute the bulk of the story, but not in person. But he is there, the subject of the action. And if I were to summarise verses 8-34 it would be something like: 

 1. People wondered about the man and his healing. Is it really him? The man confirms the miracle at the hands of Jesus. (9:8-12) 
2. The Pharisees speak to the man and are divided in their opinion about Jesus. Jesus broke the sabbath; he is therefore a sinner. But others wondered how a sinner could perform such a miracle. They ask the man, and he confesses Jesus as a prophet. (9:13-17) 
3. The man’s parents are called to verify the facts. But his parents, fearful of the consequences, direct them back to the man. (9:18-23) 
4. The man is interrogated again. He says he doesn’t know if Jesus is a sinner, but one thing he does know: “I was blind, now I see.” Jesus must be from God. They revile the man as a disciple of Jesus and refuse to be taught by such a man. 

 From 9:35, Jesus returns to the narrative and leads the man to articulate his faith in Jesus: “Lord, I believe.” And he worships Jesus. (Compare John 20:28) Jesus finds the man and brings him to faith. Jesus then teaches what has just played out between the man and the opponents of Jesus in respect of jesus.  Jesus coming into the world brings judgement. (See John 3:17-21) His presence allows those who come to faith to shift from spiritual blindness to spiritual (in)sight, but those who physically see but reject Jesus because they claim they have spiritual (in)sight, become blind. (9:39-41) The man who was physically and spiritually blind moves from blindness to physical sight and spiritual (in)sight, culminating in his confession of Jesus as the Son of Man. On the other hand, the opponents of Jesus, while physically able to see, remain in spiritual darkness. They refuse to acknowledge the sign of the miracle and what it means (about Jesus). And they refuse to be taught by the man who has gained both physical and spiritual sight. And this double movement applies to the man as he moves from sin to faith, and the opponents from a claimed righteousness to the darkness of clinging sin. (9:40-41) 
 

The absence of Jesus through the middle of the narrative allows us to watch a man arguing himself into faith. And he is wrestling not just with others, but also with himself, and with God. (See Genesis 32:22-32) He argues with his neighbours and names Jesus as the miracle worker. He argues for Jesus against the Pharisees: “Jesus healed me and he is a prophet.” And again, with more opponents of Jesus, the man implies that he is, or wishes to be, a disciple of Jesus. (9:27) And he is reviled by them. But the man knows that sinners can’t do what Jesus has done. And the miracle is a sign waiting to be interpreted correctly. (In John 5, Jesus heals on the sabbath. In the dispute with his opponents, he says that he gives life on the sabbath just as his Father is working on the sabbath. See John 5:16-18 & 10:10) The man is coming to faith: “If this man were not from God, he could do nothing.” (9:33) 

And then Jesus meets the man, points to the man’s hope, and declares that he, Jesus, is the fulfilment of that hope. (9:37) “Lord, I believe.” And he worshipped him. (9:38) I, too, have argued myself into a deeper faith at times.  I do it every time I write a sermon. I wrestle with the text.  In speaking to others about Jesus, I argue myself into a deeper faith. The interaction with others, with life itself in all its joy and sorrow, asks me to decide. Is life stronger than sin and death? Without God, does any of it make sense? Is Jesus the one? “Yes, Lord, I believe.” And he worshipped him.

Luke 17:5-10

How is it that ‘faith’ has come to mean believing something unwarranted, as though faith is intellectual acceptance of a proposition with no proof? This kind of view tends toward seeing faith as irrational. But faith is not groundless. Faith might look at the world differently than those without faith, but that doesn’t make faith groundless. I find Christian faith more rational than atheism. Not only does faith allow me to put reality together differently, it also allows me to have a greater, broader, and deeper view of reality. Faith, in the best sense of the word, is entirely rational. In my opinion, those who think otherwise have shortened their reality.

The other strange thing that has happened to faith is its reduction down to intellectual assent. Human intellect is a beautiful thing, and faith includes intellectual assent, but faith is more than intellectual assent. Take today’s reading about faith (the size of a mustard seed). The disciples aren’t asking for an increase in assent of intellectual propositions. Faith includes the mind, but also the heart; and it includes hope, and love, gracefulness, joy, peace, self-restraint, and duty. I think of faith as more like a way of being human: seeking to become the image of Jesus.

Immediately preceding Luke 17:5-10 (verses 1-4) Jesus tells the disciples that there will be interpersonal trouble in their community, so beware.  (vv. 1-3) And, if in this trouble amongst us, another disciple offends us, we can rebuke that person. And if that person repents, we must forgive. Even seven times daily, we must forgive. (vv. 3-4). And it is then, after this teaching from Jesus, that the apostles ask Jesus to increase their faith. Is this a response to the command to forgive rather than an unrelated saying of Jesus on a new topic of teaching? My reaction to the teaching of Jesus about forgiveness is to feel inadequate to the task. So, it is not that far a stretch to think that the disciples are asking for an increase in faith so as to be able to forgive their brothers and sisters in Christ. Faith is more than intellectual assent. It also about having the strength, humility, and grace to forgive consistently.

And what are we to make of Jesus’ response to the request of an increase in faith? “If you had faith the size of a mustard seed …”  Is his response to be read as affirming that, although the disciples’ faith is minute, it is ample to obey his command to forgive? Probably. Or is Jesus agreeing that the disciples don’t have the faith to forgive others as he commands? (They don’t even have faith the size of a mustard seed!) That is, they do indeed need an increase of faith. Possibly. If we read Jesus’ answer this way, it points beyond the disciples’ current lack of faith to a time when they and their faith will transform them and the world around. And that transformation will come via the cross and resurrection of Jesus. 

Either way, the narrative continues in our reading to the teaching about slaves and their master. What should we make of this? It is almost like Jesus is telling his disciples not to be puffed up with pride when their faith is able to do great things. “If you do end up doing extraordinary things through your faith, don’t expect a reward. You are doing what is expected of you.” In other words, faith is not our doing, something we can take credit for and should be rewarded for by God. Faith, even the size of a mustard seed, is a gift, and as a gift we use it as our master directs.

And finally, the narrative continues on with the story of Jesus healing ten lepers. Of the ten, only one returns to give thanks, and he was a Samaritan. There is, perhaps, a thread of meaning appearing in these consecutive chunks in the story of Jesus. It could go something like this:

 

Luke 17:1-3 

Beware of trouble in the community of faith.

 

Luke 17:3-4

 And remember, forgiveness, even excessive forgiveness is the way of discipleship.

 

Luke 17:5-6

The disciples: “We need more faith to do that Jesus!”

 

Luke 17:7-10

 And when our faith does transform and change the world, don’t expect a greater reward as though God owes you something. Faith is a gift, not a possession.

 

Luke 17: 11-19

A better response when we find ourselves with faith, or are the recipients of the transformation of faith, be thankful.

Faith is a Gift

Faith is a subtle human phenomenon. Sometimes I call it a practice to break the usual reflex to reduce faith down to the intellectual assent to certain propositions. Faith is a way of approaching life, a way of thinking, a way of acting, feeling, and a way of being. It does have intellectual content but is more than any of what I have just mentioned. And I call it a practice to make it more difficult to take possession of faith, as though it can be one more commodity to own.

Faith is not a possession because, for instance, before it is mine, faith is the faith of the church. (The whole body of Christ, living and departed.) Whatever content ‘faith’ contains, without people teaching it to us, modelling it for us, and showing us how to live ‘the faith’, we would not have a faith to talk about. We might still read the Bible, but without teaching from those who also have learned the faith from someone else, we would not end up with Christian faith. before our faith is our faith, it was someone else's faith before us! So it isn't really mine in the usual sense. And without the Holy Spirit active within us, giving us the capacity to have a faith, the spiritual energy to grasp and learn the faith, and the perseverance to keep hold of faith, we would have no faith, or if we did it would soon expire. It is no exaggeration to say that before the faith is within our grasp, it is the church’s faith, and without the Holy Spirit there is no faith at all, including the faith of the church.

But we can and do talk of ‘my faith’. But it is more like a gift that I am holding rather than a possession. If I were trying to find an analogy it might be something akin to life itself. My life is my life and your life is your life not mine, but my life is never really mine in the sense we use of a possession. I might enjoy life and live it, but I had no say in ‘purchasing’ it and it will be taken from me at some point whether I like it or not. Faith is a bit like that. A generous gift, to be held gently, nurtured, lived, shared, hung onto at times, and celebrated at other times.

Why is this important?

First, it encourages humility as people of faith. In humble gratitude we nurture the gift within us.

Second, because faith in Jesus is a gift from God, faith is the means for us to grow into who we are meant to be by focusing our attention on God. My faith is not about me. It is about God. And in that focus outward to God I will become truly myself.

Third, it gives us a clue of what to do if our faith is weakening. Focus on God. Trust the promises of God. We do that and our faith will rebuild.

Fourth, when we feel things are going badly in our life faith will help us through those difficult times. The gift of faith in Christ grows us in maturity as human beings (it doesn’t shield us from life) to better cope with difficulties, tragedy, and loss and faith will be instrumental in our renewal.

This is part of the message of the Book of Hebrews. The faith of the readers was wavering. So, the writer gives encouragement to them by listing the great figures of faith who have gone before them, and most especially, Jesus, who endured the shame of the cross because of the joy set before him. He trusted in God. We can too. God is reliable, from age to age. And Jesus is too. What we see in Jesus on the cross is not an arbitrary mood change on the part of God. Jesus is God. God is Christlike and there is no unChristlikeness in Jesus. The love of the cross is not changeable. (Christ is the same yesterday, today, and tomorrow.) The love of Jesus and the Father defeats even death itself. Believe it.

Hebrews 11:29-12:4

The Book of Hebrews was written for a community of faith that was clinging to faith in Jesus, but only just. They were being persecuted by the world around them. That is always hard, but there is also always the discipline of being a Christian. Following the humble road of Jesus, and giving up life options because it is contrary to Jesus are part of the cross we carry like Jesus to share in his resurrection. Not to mention the hard work of forgiving those we don’t really want to forgive. Loving our enemies, maintaining the bonds of mutual affection with those who think in polar opposite ways to us. And this community was losing its faith. The joy set before them was waning.

 

An alternative was to look to angels for transcendent help. (See Hebrews 1 which is all about the superiority of Jesus over angels.) They could see Jesus. He was like them. And he endured the cross, as were they. But their faith that he would lead them to heaven was waning. (Looking for transcendence is not unusual; think of the popularity of western intellectual buddhism or the irrationality of crystals.)

 

The author reminds them that in Jesus they have the promise of God’s rest. God has declared this, they have ‘heard it’, and this voice should lift their eyes in faith to heaven. They aren’t being asked to ignore their suffering, but to look to Jesus who suffered the agony and shame of the cross, and he gives us a better hope than anything else people are tempted to follow or believe in. (Jesus is a better hope, provides a better covenant, is better than angels, provides a better sacrifice, and in him we can hope for a better resurrection, because he is the better high priest, the Son made perfect forever.)

 

In Hebrews 11 we are told of the great figures of faith of the past like Abel, Noah, Abraham and Sarah. They endured. They won the race. We could switch metaphors and think of them as a great rope of faith. All these figures are holding the rope, and Christ – the pioneer and perfector of our faith - has anchored this rope in God’s final rest, the heavenly Jerusalem. We don’t need to get out the proverbial machete and cut our way through the wilderness to the promised land. Jesus, the pioneer, has done that for us. We follow him.

 

So, let’s stay connected to the rope for the sake of the joy set before us. Despite all that has happened, and all that will happen, nurture the hope that is to come.  Christ is a greater hope than anything we can hope for in this life that is bound to this life only. 

 

But then comes the really audacious part. All these great figures of faith who have gone before us, who won the race, for our sake have not received what was promised. Their perfection awaits our arrival, so that we will all be made perfect together in Christ. The whole Body (of Christ), together. That’s audacious. We all understand that we might need the witnesses who have gone before us to encourage us in our faith. And we all need Jesus. But they need us to receive their final reward? What, generation after generation, waiting … for us? Yes, for all the people of God.

 

Salvation isn’t only about us, those we know or know of, those we love, or those we remember. Salvation is for all the people of God, and our perfection is found in Christ as one, his Body, together. This is why Jesus, the true Son, was sent: to bring home the full number of the children of God. So, keep hold of the rope. Help others whose faith is wavering. When your faith wavers, there is no shame in this. Everyone grasping the rope of faith has moments. But when our faith wavers, let’s seek out help so we can help each other nurture faith wherever it is that we gather together. And let’s gather in those called to join us in grasping the rope of faith.

 

Let Us Love One Another: A Reflection on Love, Judgement, and Obedience (Part 1)

 Here is the first of three reflections used at Easter with a theme of love, judgement, and obedience. (Using John's Gospel as the prism to refract the light revealed to us in the cross and resurrection of Jesus.)

Maundy Thursday 

"Having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end." (Jn 13:1)

 Jesus' walk to the cross wasn't a misjudgement on his part, or a miscalculation on the part of the Father, or the act of someone stuck between self-giving and self-flagellation. It wasn't the result of despair or frustration. The death of Jesus was the result of love. (Love on the part of Jesus - malignant violence on our part.) Jesus loved his own to the end. His death was for us and our good. 

 

And the death of Jesus was also because of his love for the Father. Jesus' love of the Father, shown in his obedience to the divine will, took him to the cross. (Jn 14:31; 15:9-10 ) But the cross was not only the result of Jesus' love of us and his love of the Father. The Father's love for the cosmos was the source of the Father's sending of the Son for our sake. ("For God so loved the world ..." Jn 3:16) And because of this constancy of love we know that God is love (1Jn 4:7-12, 16), the light of love. And although the darkness tried to overcome the light (Jn 1:5), we know that God is light in whom there is no darkness. (1Jn 1:5) 

 

Jesus symbolised his act of love and service on the cross in the washing of the disciples' feet at the Last Supper. Footwashing, the work of a slave, parallels the Son who emptied himself, taking the form of a humble slave, being obedient even to the point of death on the cross. (Phil 2:5-11)

 

But the footwashing is also about being washed by Jesus.  Peter could not conceive of his Teacher and Lord washing his feet. But it is because Jesus washes our feet/is crucified for us that he is our Lord and Teacher. (See Luke 23:35-38) And in this 'washing' we find the way to salvation. (Jn 6:68; 13:8; 14:6)

 

And our response? Jesus invites us into the constancy of the love of the Father and the Son through faith in him. (Jn 1:12; 11:25-26; 20:30-31) And we abide in this love of Father and Son through obedience to Jesus' command - to love one another. (Jn 13:34-35; 15:12-17) In this love we will know the Father's love, just as we will know the love of Jesus, the Son, and abide in their love. (Jn 14:21-24; 17:20-24) And with the presence of the Paraclete - another Advocate - within us, we will testify to the truth (of this constancy of love) and  receive all that the Father and the Son share. (Jn 16:13-15) And in this testimony we know the future: the glory of the love of Father and Son, abiding with us now, and eternally. (Jn 16:13) 

So let us love one another. To love one another is the master key to unlock the mystery of the cross and resurrection of Jesus. To love one another is the fruit of the cross and resurrection of Jesus. To love one another is to love Jesus and share in his love of the Father, and to enjoy their mutual presence of love in our lives. So, let us love one another.

A Certain Ruler (Luke 18:18-30)

 This certain ruler must have been quite excited when Jesus said, "There is still one thing lacking." Great, only one thing! After a life of disciplined obedience to the commandments, maybe the ruler might be able to work himself into eternal life?

This passage reminds me of Luke 17:5-6.  "If you had faith the size of a mustard seed ... (you could do the miraculous). Just that little bit of faith is all we need? Really? Surely we can do that. No, that's the point. We can't manufacture even that little bit of faith ourselves. It's a gift.  The 'one thing lacking' (Lk 18:22) in our passage also seems impossible. Yes, that's right. It is impossible for mortals ... but possible for God. It is a gift. Peter and the others have received the gift. (18:28-30) The ruler leaves despondent because he doesn't get it. An impossibility for him but not for God. (18:27)

The God of the impossible. By Luke 18, we are late in the Gospel of Luke, and Jesus is nearing his journey to Jerusalem, where he will be rejected and killed. And raised. The impossible is possible for God. In other words, it is all grace. Or, to use the language of the death and resurrection of Jesus, it is resurrection all the way through. God doesn't meet the little bit we have done (the mustard seed, the one thing) and top it up. It's grace through and through.

Incomprehensibility and the Image of God

In theory, could human beings come to know everything about the universe? Putting aside the kind of human arrogance that thinks all is possible because they think they are God, is it at least theoretically possible to know and understand, to comprehend, the universe?

It’s too big. OK, agreed, probably a bit big. But, in theory, what would be encountered on the other side of the universe, could such phenomena be investigated and understood?

No, it is too complex. OK, but if we did have the right tools and equipment, the right technology, would it be possible? In theory, yes. Our intelligence seems mapped to understanding the reality around us. (If it were not so, it would be difficult to understand how and why the Western scientific method has been so successful.

And then, there is mystery. Mystery, in the Christian schema, is not the currently unknown, but that could be known under the right circumstances. In Christianity, mystery refers to the incomprehensible, beyond our understanding, even in theory. We can’t slice mystery into manageable bits, and we can’t wrestle it into shape and compare it to what we do know to therefore grasp it, at least partially. I’m talking about God. God can reveal Godself, in all God’s glorious incomprehension. God can become human in Jesus, but that does not mean we comprehend God. Jesus reveals the incomprehensible God, who remains incomprehensible. That is, God is not our plaything, and cannot be put to our use as we do with everything else we understand (even partially understand). When people of faith try to control God terrible consequences follow. Hence, the prohibition against idols and misusing God’s name embedded in the Ten Commandments.

And we are made in the image of this incomprehensible God. Attempts to identify the image in us with certain attributes or capacities abound. And whatever the benefits of such approaches, we should never think that somehow, we have made the image comprehensible. That would be to break the second commandment. Reductionism has its place in the study of our humanity, but the irreducible remains. Kathryn Tanner sees an imitation of God’s incomprehensibility in the plasticity of our nature. In comparison to other species, we are born with little hard wired in us. We grow, learn, change, exponentially so. Our nature is “in a sense unlimited, unbounded by a clearly delimited nature, in virtue, in the human case, of an expansive openness and initial indefiniteness.” This natural openness is a negative imitation in that God’s incomprehensibility is from complete fullness, whereas our imitation is a “lack, through an initial failure of predetermination, not by being anything in particular in any very concrete way to start.” (Christ the Key, p. 53)

If God is beyond our understanding, incomprehensible, what is an appropriate response to God? Awe, joy, bliss. Prayer, thanksgiving, faith.

Godforsaken? ... Nothing can Separate us ...

This sermon was preached on Good Friday. After the sermon people were invited to come to the altar rails and leave behind the rock of despair and trouble at the foot of the cross. (Everyone was given a small rock at the door on entry.)

My God, my God, why have you forsaken me. (Mark 15:34)

History is full of times where God seems to have deserted humankind. We know times similar to these ourselves. Times of despair, when we are distraught to the point of collapse, without hope, perhaps feeling as though all is lost. Hell on earth. Godforsaken. We all know something of this, some more than others. But whatever we might feel, because of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus, it is simply not, finally, true. There is no hell on earth. There is intense suffering and loss, grief beyond what we can carry. Yes. But Christ suffered godforsakenness so that we can never be actually godforsaken ourselves. Yes, there are times of despair where all is lost. From genocide to loss of family, to exile to becoming a refugee; to poverty, illness, death. You name it. All these and more are times of apparent godforsakenness, joyless times of darkness. Hell on earth. (That's what hell is, utter godforsakenness.)

But when Jesus uttered those words he wasn't just having a (really, really, really) bad day. He was stating a theological fact. God, the one he called Abba-Father, the one who defined Jesus' identity and very life, had deserted him, the Son, on the cross. Jesus was without God. His accusers were right. He was without God, rejected. (Gal 3:13) Godforsaken. This is a deep mystery. But to those who know despair it is a message of hope. God went there before us, so we need never be without God. God will not desert us. Trust God.  Jesus underwent utter  godforsakenness - hell - for us. Hell, if defined as utter godforsakenness, no longer has sway over us. For where Christ the Son goes, even as godforsaken, there too goes the reconciling power of God, and the power of resurrection.  The bond of love between Father and Son could not be defeated.

When we feel bereft, when all has been taken from us, it is hard to hear this truth of the Gospel: God has not deserted us. Christ went there before us, and now God is there waiting for us. Nothing now can separate us from the love of God. All else can be taken from us, indeed even life itself, but God will never be absent.

Let that same Spirit infuse us today. This is not the same as wishfully thinking that everything can be as it was. No, this is the Spirit of resurrection, the resurrection of the deserted. The resurrected Jesus still had nail holes in his wrists. But he was raised.

Soon, I will invite you to take hold of that Spirit of resurrection and come forward with your burdens to the foot of the cross. And there lay down the rock of all that burdens you. Leave it there.

Then, later, come up for communion. Communion with the despair of godforsakenness we see in Jesus, but the resurrection also of the downcast and bereft.

Not Just a Favoured Few...

A guest post from the Revd Ron Keynes. (Pentecost 23, Year B: Ruth 3:1-5; 4:3-17; Mark 12:38-44)

There is often a fairly strong reason why Christians are often charged with being ‘against the world’ and somewhat troglodytic. I have mentioned elsewhere something of the struggle even with my children, as they tend to belong to a later generation, not quite up to X. However, there has been some rethink by younger people as the World Financial Crisis has done its job in bringing some factors back to balance, and Global Warming perhaps adding to the rethink.

If there is one aspect of life that tends to be reflected in almost all cultures and countries, it is the determination of the powerful ones to advertise both their power and wealth and demanding all the best that the country has to give. Even some religious people fall victim (or demand the position) and become very much a part of the problem. As the Gospel reminds us, in Jesus’ day the practice was rampant. Today’s world tends to have it in terms of salaries and perks of CEOs, where the matter is totally beyond reality.

Contrast that, if you will, with the story of Ruth and Naomi, a beautiful and moving tale of tragedy and ill fortune, made remarkably more touching by the commitment of daughter-in-law (of a different race!) to a mother of her late husband. There is a story of quite lovely proportion, of self-giving quite beyond the norm. It was a most moving moment when, at our youngest daughter’s wedding, this passage was chosen as one of the readings. ‘There was hardly a dry eye in the house.’

I wonder whether the rich and powerful ever stop to ponder what is important in life, and what is marginal. I have to say that my experience of ‘pretty people’ is that such a title is a misnomer of the first order, and selfishness and refusal of ordinary human responses is obligatory. On the other hand, ordinary little people seem to have a far more balanced perception of what is important and what is not. And are not the basics of life really quite simple and uncomplicated? Or am I fooling myself?

The reason that Christians tend to be so against today’s life-style of self-aggrandizement is that it leaves almost every other person right out of the equation. Bugger you Jack, I am all right. And it does not need to be the ‘high and holy ones’ who have such a blind stare. Do you not meet, constantly, even little people who demand their priority with great rudeness and pomposity?

Life’s reality does have a habit of blowing down our proud houses of cards every now and again. And it all comes back to the business of what is true and just, for those capacities have a habit of returning from the dead. It is not all that long ago that the film ‘Greed’ was greeted with yells of delight. And it did not take long for the outcome of that pattern to blow up in everyone’s faces.

Life is for everyone, not just a favoured few. Faith is for everyone too, though there seem to be rather fewer takers, for some reason. Peace and even prosperity is far more likely to ensue when the gentler path is chosen by all. And there can be little fight against that!

By Faith

Following on from a previous post regarding our relationship to nature, it should be remembered that the biblical affirmation of the goodness (not perfection) of nature is a statement of faith. Without that faith perspective any objective view of nature should include its savagery, and sheer cyclical pointlessness. To do otherwise is to ignore (or interpret away) the reality of evolution through natural selection. This doesn't mean that nature is bad or worthless, but just that, without the eyes of faith, nature's imperfections should make us a little more circumspect in regards to the romantic claims we make of nature. This is why I am not one who subscribes to a 'back-to-nature' ideology as the universal panacea for our woes. On its own, nature cannot 'save us'.

The goodness of nature is not the only aspect of our lives that requires faith to be recognizable. Recognising our (and everything's) salvation in Christ is also an act of faith. It could hardly be otherwise. This explains why it often seems that life is anything but saved, and why we should be suspicious of pop gospel claims (and its secularized siblings in the self-help industry) that complete happiness and satisfaction is (or could be if you just did the latest self-help fad) the reality of our lives. Underneath our usual lives we can see the underpinning grace of God, and we can live this grace in the joy and pain we experience in life. But when it comes to salvation there will always be evidence to the contrary right in front of our faces. To see in this contrary, through this contrary and beyond this contrary evidence, God's activity requires faith, and a faith encompassing the realities of life, like crosses.